GUR, Ilan  BATTERIES Car DARPA PARC 21 Mar 2013

sputnik moments  (Russ satellite)

May 2012  Germany  produces  22,000 megawatts of soalr energy  (half of their peak load)
on a cloudless day  !!!!

also Mar 2013: Japan  taps  methane hydrates  from sea!

May 2012  Norway opens  Mongstadt  CO2  technology center...

DARPA  our mission
cagtalyze and support:

transformational high impact energy tech

we still send 1B  dol per day  overseas  to froeign countries who may be our enemies...

want to reduce imports and improve efficiency...

we throw 60% of energy "on the floor  threw waste heat/  lack of effic.

want to ensure  America’s  tech lead, natl security, economic sec and enviro security...

he is  with ARPA-E:  R and D  funding agency

we report to the secy of energy  (like DARPA reports to secy of defense)

Our approach to transformational tech:

automotive example:

Y axis:  cost per performance  
X axis is time

eg  look at horse and buggy days  (there were small improvements)

Steam-powered  Cugnot  1769

Benz Motorwagen  1885

steam powered cugnot:  how to fuel it; loud, dirty... cud not compete with a horse drawn wagon...

but multimately got Ford Model R in 1914...

Lesson One  take lots of shots on goal  (cuz  might not be predictable)

reduce relaince on foreign energy...
enviro

moving to electrcity will have a huge impact on all ur goals...

could you go from chicago to St Louis with 1 charge  (300 miles)
tank of electicity... only cost you 7 bucks...

BUT  battery cost  perhaps 30K dollars and the battery wud weigh almost a TON.

a bit of history:  Gaston Plante  1859  first  battery commercialized!
Geoerges Leclanche  1867  (alkaline batter:   is today athe energizer...  alkaline battery

but gaston plante  looks exactly the same... the lead acid battery...

Y axis  energy density  Watt hours per kgm
against TIME in years

his joke this is the Moore’s Law for batteries

lead acid in 1860;
Ni-Cd  1910 or so
Ni-MH  in  about 1990...

this is a really hard problem...

Lithium Ion battery  has already disrupted this curve  (way off the curve)

in 20 years  with Li-Ion   made as much progress as we did in previous 150 years...

so, how much further can we go...

now we are at  210  watt hours per  kg
..  we add
BEEST  program  try to  get to 400 watt-hours/ kg  and beyond  within 5 years...

we got hundreds of proposals

we funded a whole portfolio of ideas

we are funding  Li-air  PloyPlus  S&T
Li-S  Sion Power
Adv Li-ion Envia  24M  Planar Energy
Mg-ion  Pellion
Zn-air  (Fluid energy, ReVolt)

BEEST  was exciting for us...  what is the next BIG chemistry!

but  AMPED  getting more out of today’s systems:  (eg  an electric vehciel)

how big does the battery have to be?

perhaps  200  watt hours to go 1 mile  in a typical car, say...

BUT  we then ADD iverhead capacity:   but then we to the extremes...

we need physic protection of the battery,  thermal mgmt, charge balancing  etc.  state monitoring

but we are  WAY bigger than that at the system level...

we limit charge rates  (for safety reasons)

desptie the EXTRA weight, volume, and cost of signif system overdesign

lifetime of batt is still a concern
safety is a concern...

what are we scared of...

exploding  battery  OR  it  just runs out of juice...

electrode  oxidation/ reduction,
lithium plating (dendrites)
electdoe stress/ crackig
internal cell defects...

dendrites=>   lithium piles up on the surface of the electrodes... forms a filament that
shorts out the cell  +. battery blows up...

what we currently monitor:  just temperat, voltage, current...

so, we are flying blind... we must oversize the system cuz we don’t know what’s happening inside...

Lesson 3:  question assumptions:  remove blinders...

if u want to think outside the box... don’t invite the BOX!  (get outsie people... other fields)

cud get strain data...

lots of interesting stuff with OPTICAL detection!!! of state of batteries!!!

one effor tis at PARC   Optical Battery Mgmt?

how abt fiberoptic  sensors  strain data,  chem compositon data,  get data from insdie the cells
Battelle:  detect  200 micron  dendrites insdie battery...

it takes a village... Lesson Four...

AMPED Portfoli

1)  sensing:  internal cell temp
interacalation srain
optical sensing
gas signatures

2) Modeling and controls:
RT  physical state estiamtion
adaptive degradation models

3) systmes:  cell level power mgmt
flexible power archs
wireless communs
intra-cell thermal mgmt

4)  dx and prognostics;
acoustic inspection  etc

RANGE:  the Anti-AMPED program... a battery that could just stand alone  (with no monitoring)

Lesson Five:  don’t try to predict the future:

predict  EVERY possible future...

also   storage tech for natural gas... v cheap  natl gas...

create  options...

alternative fuels....Meditation:  harness a “beginners mind”  (PARC  bunch of hippies on bean bag chairs)

Lesson 6:   

Robbie his colleage  used to work at Intel:  thermal mgmt of chips  at Intel...

why are we always talking abt ELECTRICAL storage...

but  how about  THERMAL ENERGY storage  (storing  HEAT  cuz that’s where
all the waste energy winds up)

lithium batteries make very expsnive heaters  (for the car cabin)

cabin heating or cooling can reduce EV range by up to 35%....

hugely inefficient:
how abt a  high density  cheap thermal stoarage device...

eg  ICE  itself have a pretty good energy density....

history:  he shows a v young Bob Taylor  (original ARPA  guy...=>  arpanet)

shows bob taylor and other researchers on bean bag chairs....

can get from there  to   3com, Sun,  Adobe, MSFT,  CSCO  etc.

Q (joke)  do u work on Boeing  battery... laugh?
A  compelx systems...  Li Ion can be made safe... but complex...

Q  how to store heat?  what do u support
A  new materials that can store  more energy;  how to keep it in there  (with insulation)
any reversible  chem reaction  can be used to store heat  (separate out reactants )

Q  how abt  better distrib?  (eg  so that you do not need to carry a big battery)
ubiquitous charging structure?

A  eg  fiber optic  distrib... to distrib  energy...

EV Everywhere... another program...  will include infrastructure...

charge time is another barrier... (eg pouring in electrolyte);
A:  Alvio... (Stfd)  new chemistry...  v high power... fast charge  (for utility grid)